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3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone, metaphedrone) is a research chemical drug of the beta-ketone family, first reported in 2012. 3-MMC is a substituted cathinone and structurally related to mephedrone, methcathinone and methamphetamine. It has addictive, euphoric, stimulant properties, is associated with a number of health issues. 3-MMC is usually taken orally or insufflated with a typical active oral dose ranging from 100 - 150mg. 3-MMC is often confused with 4-MMC (Mephedrone, meow meow)

Using 3-MMC

The compound appears to typically be used analogously to other recreational stimulants in a wide variety of settings - from large social groups to isolation. Though reports exist for a number of different methods of administration, 3-MMC appears to be most commonly ingested intranasally.

Effects of 3-MMC

The primary effects of 3-MMC tend to reflect those of sympathomimetic stimulants such as amphetamines, cocaine, or MDMA. There appears to be a distinct euphoria and sociability inspired by the compound, as well as a strong urge to ingest large quantities subsequent to initial administration. Recreational doses induce transient anorexia, and appear to affect cardiac activity in typical CNS stimulant patterns.

3-MMC users report cravings, addiction and heart issues like arrhythmia.
The STRIDA project reported adverse effects including tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, diaphoresis, seizures and hyperthermia.

Positive effects include:
  • Euphoria
  • Stimulation
Negative effects include:

Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of 3-MMC

Pharmacology: 3-Methylmethcathinone is sympathomimetic stimulant. From proposed SAR modelling, 3-methylmethcathinone is expected to have similar pharmacological properties to methcathinone, but with increased activity on the serotonin neurotransmitter systems. Methcathinone is suggested as being more potent than its parent cathinone, and methamphetamine. [1]

Methcathinone is a drug with a high abuse potential, with prolonged, high dosages known to cause psychosis and withdrawal tremors. Methcathinone is regarded as being similar in profile to methamphetamine in relation to neurotoxicity, with marked decreases in DA (dopamine) levels noted among abstinent users. While generally below levels associated with Parkinsons Disease, this is considered to be demonstrative of permanent, or semi-permanent neurological damage. [2] The compound is considered by some to be more potent than cathinone and methamphetamine. High doses of 3-mmc have consistently generated addictive tendencies, and symptoms of withdrawal.

Ethcathinone is closely related to 3-mmc and causes many side effects: Stroke, Psychosis, Pulmonary hypertension, Tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, chest pain, Bone marrow depression, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, Rash, hives, alopecia, ecchymosis, impotence, dizziness, anxiety, headache, mental depression, seizures, Nausea/vomiting, constipation, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. [3][4]

4-MMC is closely related to 3-MMC and also causes many side effects: Cravings, Paranoia, Depression, Insomnia, Nystamagus, Tremors, Heart pain, Elevated heartbeat, Cardiovascular issues, Excessive sweating and Purple blotching of knees and hands. [5]

The health risks of 3-MMC

3-MMC Fatalities

13 fatal intoxications of 3-MMC have been reported. 11 fatal intoxications also involved other substances. 2 fatal intoxications of 3-MMC did not involve any other drug. One of these deaths was reported in Italy in 2015. [6] The other one was described by Bottinelli et al. in 2016 and occurred in France. [7]

In the UK, one individual committed mechanical suicide under the influence of 3-MMC, venlafaxine, and amphetamine.[8] Suicide has already been associated with the use of other synthetic cathinones.[9]

Most fatal intoxications that involved other drugs were cases where 3-MMC was combined with a substance that acts on serotonin. Like MDMA, 5-APB, 251-NBOMe

Legal status of 3-MMC

3-MMC has been banned in the following countries:
  • Austria
  • Brazil
  • China
  • Czech Republic
  • France
  • Germany [10][11][12]
  • Israel
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland [13]
  • Turkey [14]
  • United Kingdom [15]
  • United States

3-MMC history

The first report of 3-MMC use on drugs-forum was in 2012. [16] In Sweden, between August 2012 and March 2014, 3-MMC was detected in 50 of the 786 cases included in the STRIDA project, with the peak occurring in August 2013. [17]
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References

  1. ^Martin D Schechter; Drug-Drug Discrimination: Stimulus Properties of Drugs of Abuse Upon a Serotonergic-Dopaminergic Continuum; Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Volume 56, Issue 1, January 1997, Pages 89-96
  2. ^Una D. McCann, Dean F. Wong, Fuji Yokoi, Victor Villemagne, Robert F. Dannals, and George A. Ricaurte; Reduced Striatal Dopamine Transporter Density in Abstinent Methamphetamine and Methcathinone Users: Evidence from Positron Emission Tomography Studies with [11C]WIN-35,428; The Journal of Neuroscience, October 15, 1998, 120):8417–8422.
  3. ^Ethcathinone Drug Info, Drugs-Forum, https://drugs-forum.com/threads/ethcathinone.115643/
  4. ^Ethcathinone Experience Reports, Drugs-Forum, https://drugs-forum.com/threads/ethcathinone-experience-reports.115644/
  5. ^Mephedrone Side-Effects Database https://drugs-forum.com/threads/mephedrone-side-effects-database.97246/#post-646363
  6. ^S. Rojek, K. Kula, M. Maciow-Glab, M. Klys, Determination of 3-MMC and identification of its metabolites by GC-EI-MS-MS and GC-EI/PCI-MS in postmortem biological material 53rd TIAFT meeting, Firenze, Italy, 2015.
  7. ^C. Bottinelli, Y. Gaillard, L. Fanton, F. Bévalot, À propos de deux décès par intoxication impliquant la 3-MMC, Toxicol. Anal. Clin. 28(2) (2016) S25.
  8. ^S. Elliott, Casework data from Alere Forensics (formerly ROAR Forensics, UK), (2016).
  9. ^S. Elliott, J. Evans, A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework, Forensic Sci Int 243 (2014) 55-60.
  10. ^"Anlage I BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  11. ^Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  12. ^"§ 29 BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  13. ^"Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  14. ^https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf
  15. ^United Kingdom. (2010). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (S.I. 2010/1207). London: The Stationery Office Limited. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1207/made
  16. ^3-Methylmethcathinone (hydrochloride) Experience Reports, Drugs-forum, https://drugs-forum.com/threads/3-methylmethcathinone-3-mmc-experience-reports.185047/
  17. ^Bäckberg M, Lindeman E, Beck O, Helander A. Characteristics of analytically confirmed 3-MMC-related intoxications from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015 Jan;53(1):46-53