Introduction to Lisdexamfetamine

Largely hailed as the new flagship of ADHD pharmaceuticals, Lisdexamfetamine boasts the focusing and memory-boosting effects of amphetamine with significantly fewer side effects. This does not, however, make Lisdexamfetamine any safer or less addictive than its fully-active chemical cousins.

Using Lisdexamfetamine

Despite common belief, lisdexamfetamine can be administered through a variety of routes, including intravenously[2] and intranasally.[3] The benefits of doing so are negligible at best, however, as lisdexamfetamine has near-total absorption orally and must be metabolized before becoming active regardless of how it is taken.

Ways of Administration

Oral administration is the most typical route of ingestion for lisdexamfetamine, though reports of use through other methods exist. Lisdexamfetamine must be metabolized into lysine and dextroamphetamine before taking effect, which significantly limits its recreational potential. Once ingested, the prodrug lasts less than an hour, but the converted dextroamphetamine lasts 10-13 hours from a single dose.

Effects of Lisdexamfetamine

Users of lisdexamfetamine will experience effects almost identical to dextroamphetamine with the notable exception of a longer duration. Users of dextroamphetamine tend to remark that the experience of lisdexamfetamine tends to be "weaker" and poses fewer side effects while pure dextroamphetamine is "stronger" but elicits more irksome side effects. Clearly, the relative comparison is dose-dependent: lisdexamfetamine is no different from dextroamphetamine in potential effects, but the slow route lisdexamfetamine takes creates a noticeably "smoother" experience.
Lisdexamfetamine is still the subject of controversy due to the potential for addiction, amphetamine psychosis, serotonin syndrome (when in combination with other drugs) and unknown long-term effects. Amphetamine is well-known as a performance-enhancer in both cognitive and physical endeavors. Like most of its chemical family, lisdexamfetamine is widely used as a "smart" drug due to its ability to promote reaction time, working memory, muscle strength, attentiveness, and focus.

Combinations with Lisdexamfetamine

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Different Uses for Lisdexamfetamine

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Recreational use of Lisdexamfetamine

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Using Lisdexamfetamine for ...

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Using Lisdexamfetamine for ...

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Pharmacology of Lisdexamfetamine

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Chemistry of Lisdexamfetamine

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Column 1	Column 2
Systematic (IUPAC) name:	(2S)-2,6-Diamino-N-[(2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide
Synonyms:	L-lysine-d-amphetamine; Lisdexamphetamine dimesylate, NRP-104, Vyvanse (dimethanesulfonate)
Molecular Formula:	C25H15N3O, C25H15N3O.2CH4O3S (dimethanesulfonate)
Molar mass:	263.38 g/mol, 455.59 g/mol (dimethanesulfonate)[1]
CAS Registry Number:	608137-32-2, 608137-33-3 (dimethanesulfonate)
Melting Point:	120-122°C; 120-122°C (dimethanesulfonate)[2]
Boiling Point:	no data
Flash Point:	no data
Solubility:	Dimethanesulfonate: 792 mg/mL (water)[3]
Additionnal data:
Notes:	Freebase aspect: golden colored solid; crystallized from methanol. Dimethanesulfonate aspect: white to off-white powder[4]

The Dangers of Lisdexamfetamine

Physical Health Risks

<Physical Problem 1 - Please Identify and Add Others As Necessary>

<Physical Problem 2 - Please Identify and Add Others As Necessary>

Overdose

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Reported Deaths

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Mental Health Risks

<Mental Health Risk 1 - Please Identify and Add Others As Necessary>

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Side Effects

Common side effects of Lisdexamfetamine:
Chronic Trouble Sleeping
Easily Angered or Annoyed
False Sense of Well-Being
Feel Like Throwing Up
Loss of Appetite
Nervous
Throwing Up
Upper Abdominal Pain
Infrequent side effects of Lisdexamfetamine:
Allergic Reaction caused by a Drug
Anxious
Feeling Restless
Fever
Hives
Rash
Trouble Breathing
Urinary Tract Infection
Altered Interest in Having Sexual Intercourse
Diarrhea
Dizzy
Drowsiness
Dry Mouth
Excessive Sweating
Fast Heartbeat
Feeling Anger Toward Something
Feeling Weak
Head Pain
Heart Throbbing or Pounding
Inability to have an Erection
Incomplete or Infrequent Bowel Movements
Involuntary Quivering
Low Energy
Sexual Problems
Taste Problems
Weight Loss

Rare side effects of Lisdexamfetamine:
Abnormal Heart Rhythm
Aggressive Behavior
Chest Pain
Continued Painful Erection
Depression
Feeling Faint
Giant Hives
Hallucination
Heart Attack
Hepatitis caused by Drugs
High Blood Pressure
Life Threatening Allergic Reaction
Mental Disorder with Loss of Normal Personality & Reality
Mental Impairment
Mood Changes
Reaction due to an Allergy
Seizures
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stroke
Taking Habit Forming Drugs
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Worsening Symptoms of Tourette's Syndrome
Behaving with Excessive Cheerfulness and Activity
Blurred Vision
Chronic Muscle Twitches or Movements
Constriction of Blood Vessels of the Extremities
Dilated PupilLess
Disturbance in the Ability of the Eye to Focus
Double Vision
Feeling Unhappy or UnwellLess
Frequent ErectionsLess
Grinding of the Teeth
Hair Loss
Hypertalkative
Numbness and Tingling
Occasional Numbness, Prickling, or Tingling of Fingers and ToesLess
Voluntary Movement Difficulty

Addiction

Physical Addiction

Mental Addiction

Producing Lisdexamfetamine

Forms of Lisdexamfetamine

Legal Status of Lisdexamfetamine

United Nations

There is no current classification for lisdexamfetamine from the United Nations.

USA

Schedule II Controlled Substance (legally considered same as amphetamine)

EU

Varies by nation, but usually the same legal status as amphetamine (Schedule 2 CD POM in the UK, for instance).

Other Countries

History of Lisdexamfetamine

New River Pharmaceuticals, a collaborative partner of Shire plc, filed a new drug application with the FDA on December 7, 2005. At this time the compound was entitled NRP104, but within a year it was branded "Vyvanse." Once the FDA issued a letter of approval, Shire plc and New River forged a contract based on each party's obligations to market and sell the compound. The contract was relavtively standard for this kind of arrangement: Shire, the financier, was responsible for propping up marketing and sales, while New River, the innovator, was responsible for navigating legal approval. Shire plc entitled New River to milestone payments based on various conditions and kept 75% of the profits in the first two years. Now, long after two years of sales, New River Pharmaceuticals retains all profits from the drug. It is pertinent to note that Shire plc is the originator of Adderall XR, which would explain the company's interest in regulating competing drugs like Vyvanse.
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References

1. ^[1]
2. ^2
3. ^3

1. Pennick, M. Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2010.
2. Jasinski DR and Krishnan S. Human pharmacology of intravenous lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: abuse liability in adult stimulant abusers. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2009.
3. Ermer JC, Dennis K, Haffey MB, et al. Intranasal versus oral administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: a randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover, single-dose, single-centre pharmacokinetic study in healthy adult men. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2011.
4. Merck Index, fifteenth edition (2013)
5. Calculated from Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2007