Tryptamines

Tryptamines are compounds which share a common indole ring structure. Along with phenethylamines, they form the two principal classes of psychoactive compounds. Tryptamines have been studied by Alexander Shulgin and are the subject of his book TiHKAL, published in 1997. Their main use is recreative, and most of them are thus illegal to consume, produce ad possess.

Introduction to Tryptamines

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Chemical description of Tryptamines

Tryptamines are chemical derivatives of tryptamine. Substituents can be present on the aromatic ring (in blue), especially on the positions 4 and 5, and on the amine (in red).

They are derived from the amino acid tryptophan, which is the biological precursor of tryptamine and serotonin, a neurotransmitter.

Uses of Tryptamines

Effects of Tryptamines

General pharmacology of Tryptamines

The pharmacological action of tryptamines is highly related to their similarity with the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Dangers of Tryptamines

Sources of Tryptamines

Natural sources

Despite being a smaller class than phenethylamines, a greater number of different (and psychoactive) tryptamines can be found in nature, and in a wide variety of species.

Synthesis

Two main synthetic pathways can lead to simple tryptamines:

Extension of the indole ring

A conveniently substituted indole ring can be extended to a tryptamine in three steps. First the indole ring (1) is reacted with oxalyl chloride to form an indoleglyoxyl chloride derivative (2), which is subsequently reacted with the desired amine to an indoleglyoxyl amine derivative (3). The latter compound is then reducted with lithium aluminium hydride to yield the tryptamine (4).

This method was employed by A. Shulgin. It is very versatile provided one can get the starting indole ring, and the substituted amine, which may be hard to acquire.

Fisher synthesis of indoles

Legal Status of Tryptamines

History of Tryptamines

Insights for Tryptamines

Tryptamines

Related categories

MAOIs

References

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Sub-Categories of Tryptamines