What Is A Research Chemical

Major Categories Of Research Chemicals

►►There are six categories of psychoactive compounds which make up the family of research chemicals. A compound's placement into its respective category is determined by its molecular structure and receptor selectivity. Each category shares a structural relationship with one or more scheduled/controlled chemical relatives with only minor adjustments made to the original molecular structure in an attempt to achieve similar effects to that of the parent compound. Some of the commonly utilized structural modifications include benzene ring substitutions, replacing aryl groups with cyclical groups, and the addition or removal of a methyl group. While in theory the idea may seem logical, any change to a molecule no matter how simple or complex, can drastically alter its chemical properties creating a super potent analog, a deadly neurotoxic poison, or a pharmacologically inactive substance.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
Category	Chemical Structure	Summary	Examples
Cannabinoids	Diverse Structural Relationship (lipid soluble, non-polar, containing 22 to 26 carbon atoms)	Compounds which bind to the CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors found within the body. Synthetic cannabinoids are far more potent than naturally occurring cannabinoids as they bind to the CB1/CB2 receptors as full agonists rather than partial agonists. A brief explanation on the difference between the effects of the CB1 and CB2 receptors is that while each is similar in action, CB1 is more centrally active, affecting mood and cognition, whereas CB2 is more peripherally active, specializing in controlling pain.	JWH-018, CP 47,497, AM-2201, UR 144.
Beta-Ketones	Ketone	A category of chemicals which have a carbonyl group in the beta position forming a ketone. Beta-Ketones are derived from the phenethylamine structure and often act by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Most compounds in this class tend to have stimulant type effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems.	Mephedrone, MDPV, Methcathinone, A-PVP
Dissociatives	Arylcyclohexylamine	Compounds which act as NMDA receptor antagonists, in turn producing hallucinations by limiting or blocking the transfer of electrons between the brain and the spinal column. Dissociatives may also act on the dopamine, sigma-opioid, kappa-opioid, and gaba receptors.	Methoxetamine,3-MeO-PCP, N-Ethyl-Ketamine
Phenethylamines	Phenethylamine	Grouped by structure, these compounds share the phenylethylamine backbone as a base molecule. Though their effects can vary greatly from one another, phenethylamines tend to act as stimulants, psychedelics, or empathogens. Compounds within this category may also belong in the beta-ketones category.	2C-C, 2C-B, 25C-NBOMe, Methylone
Piperazines	Piperazine	A category which consists of a wide range of compounds that share a common 6-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms opposing one another. Within the category of piperazines exist many pharmacologically diverse compounds including some antidepressants, stimulants, and erectile dysfunction medications. These compounds often act upon dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, as either reuptake inhibitors or releasing agents.	BZP, pFPP, mCPP
Tryptamines	Tryptamine	A category of compounds which share a common indole structure and act upon the various 5-HT serotonin receptors as either partial agonists or releasing agents. Similar to the category of phenethylamines, the function of the compound can change within the group, for example alpha-methyltryptamine produces a strong stimulant effect along with its psychedelic properties.	5-MeO-DALT, 4-HO-MIPT, AMT

Understanding The Compound

►►Information on the compound should be gathered prior to its administration in order to educate and familiarize the researcher with its pharmacological and chemical properties. This is done as a safety precaution to ensure the wellbeing of the researcher and is a vital step in the bioassay procedure. Information on most compounds is readily available online, in books, medical journals, and experience reports, though depending on the source, its legitimacy may questionable.
►►Additionally it is recommended that a data sheet be created for each compound, containing information such as the mechanism of action, receptor selectivity, binding affinity, molecular formula, molar mass, and IUPAC name. A small sample of the compound should also be bagged, sealed, and attached to the data sheet to be used as a reference. In the instance of a medical emergency, a data sheet will provide an excellent reference for the hospital staff, allowing them to treat the researcher in a much quicker and safer manner.

Example of Data Sheet

Research Chemical Literature

►►The best possible thing for a new researcher to do first is to read up and educate themselves on as many different compounds as they can, as well as become versed on the terminology that is commonly used in the research chemical industry. The bioassay procedure may continue only when the researcher has a confident knowledge of the various aspects that are involved with the research chemical industry and the ability to follow the safety procedures that are required in order to properly test these compounds. The chart below contains some of the most important pieces literature that are involved with the research chemical bioassay procedure. Click on each cover image to redirect to that page.

Column 1	Column 2
Cover	Description
	PiHKAL, published in 1991 is a book written by Alexander and Ann Shulgin depicting their experiences with over 200 different psychedelic phenethylamines, many of which were discovered by Alexander Shulgin himself. PiHKAL is an acronym for "Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved" and is divided into two parts. The first part begins with a fictionalized autobiography of the couple, while the second part contains information on over 200 different phenethylamines, including their synthesis, bioassay, dosages, and additional commentary.
	TiHKAL, published in 1997 is a book written by Alexander and Ann Shulgin depicting their experiences with many compounds of the tryptamine family. TiHKAL is an acronym for "Tryptamines i Have Known And Loved" and much like its predecessor PiHKAL it is divided into two parts. The first part begins with a fictionalized autobiography, which continues where the similar section of PiHKAL left off, the second section contains a collection of information on 55 tryptamines including their synthesis, bioassay, dosages, and additional commentary.
	The Research Chemical Wiki found on drugs-forum.com provides an excellent overview on the entire category of psychoactive research chemicals. This wiki is an excellent read for a novice researcher, as it provides an introductory look at many of the various aspects involved in the research chemical industry.
	The Safer Research Chemical Users Guide, published in 2005 is a section of the drugs-forum.com wiki written by a fellow researcher who goes by the name illuminati boy. The guide covers many of the aspects involved with becoming a researcher including various safety precautions, measuring techniques, and dosing information. Though the guide is a bit dated, much of the information is still relevant and has proved itself useful time and time again.
	The Research Chemical Documents section found on drugs-forum.com contains a wealth of information, medical and scientific journal articles, and laboratory analytical results for many of the compounds on today's market. The information within this section is primarily sourced from fully accredited medical and scientific databases, and can be used formally as a reference.
	The Research Chemical Forums found on drugs-forum.com contain thousands of threads covering almost every aspect related to research chemicals. The experience of the members found within these forums varies greatly, from the occasional recreational user, to the ever so serious researcher, likewise the topics of discussion are always changing and always interesting.

Compound Purity/Legitimacy

►►Purity is a major issue within the research chemical market and while there are vendors who do sell highly pure compounds, they are scarce, often hard to find, and consist of a close nit group of members where passwords are required to view the market place. Consuming a chemically impure compound is very dangerous and doing so can induce a variety of potentially deadly side effects. One example of this occurred back in the late 1970s/early 1980s where a compound known as 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP) contained the impurity MPTP. Upon consumption MPTP is metabolized into MPP+, a neurotoxic impurity which is known to have caused multiple cases of irreversible parkinson syndrome by destroying dopamine producing neurons, located in a structure of the brain known as the substantia nigra. The image below depicts the death of dopamine cells as a result of MPP+ over a period of 48 hours.[1]

►►While an impurity has the potential to cause severe damage and even death, incidents like the one mentioned above are considered to be rare and while they may not occur regularly there is always the possible for a similar situation to occur. An issue which is far more concerning than the purity of a chemical, is the legitimacy of the compounds in todays market. There has been reports of several vendors who have been know to falsely advertise and ship incorrect chemicals at an alarmingly frequent rate with no care for the wellbeing of the researcher whatsoever. With so many issues related to the legitimacy of the compounds, the two that have have the greatest impact on the research chemical community are...

• The intentional or unintentional shipping of a mislabeled or incorrect compound

►►Unfortunately the majority of the vendors within the research chemical market lack the experienced and knowledge required in order to properly handle the compounds in which they peddle. More often than not they falsely advertise their products or ship the wrong compounds entirely, putting the researcher in a very dangerous situation. Vendors like so are only interested in making a profit and could care less about the safety of their customers. Even some of the more exclusive vendors have been known to accidentally ship incorrect compounds, with some instances resulting in serious harm or fatality.

• Branded products with no chemical data

►►The primary issue with many of the store bought research chemical products, such as "herbal incense" or "bath salts" is that the compounds within them are unknown and regularly changing in order to avoid local legislation. Experimenting with branded products carries a far greater risk than experimenting with pure compounds due to the lack of information on the chemicals which they contain. It is recommended that vendors who brand compounds, or sell them in premeasured tablets/capsules be avoided as the legitimacy of their products is often very questionable. Vendors like so often promote "legal highs" advertising their products for human consumption, thus begging the law and its wielders to legislate even more control and restrictions over the research chemical market.

►►SafeOrScam.com is a website which may aide in determing the legitimacy of a vendor. However the reviews are written by fellow customers, thus the credibility of the reviews may be worthless if the customers are inexperienced with research chemicals. Keep in mind most of the legitimate vendors will have no reviews or discussions, as their customer base is often composed of experienced researchers who understand the operation of the market. Regardless of the vendor, any compound should always be approached with great caution as anything is possible when dealing with research chemicals.

Compound Recrystallization

►►Recrystallization is a technique that is commonly utilized in organic chemistry to purify a chemical that is verified to contain a known impurity. Since the impurities found within most research chemicals are unknown, a recrystallization will most likely prove to be ineffective at removing any of the contaminates. However, the goal of recrystallizing a research chemicals is not to eliminate the impurities, but rather disperse them evenly throughout the entire batch of the chemical, rather than having one area containing a high concentration of impurities.
►►While a recrystallization may or may not necessary, doing so will only reduce the possibility for a harmful or even fatal adverse reaction to occur as the result of consuming an impurity. The link found below gives an introductory look at the research chemical recrystallization process, additionally a video tutorial has been provided depicting the recrystallization process from start to finish.

Thread: Why You Should RC Recrystalize your RC's
Recrystallization: Purification Method For Solids

Press play to watch the video (redirects to videos section)

Reagent Testing

►►Reagent testing can help to determine or clarify the identity of a compound through the process of elimination. Adding a compound to a set of specific chemical solutions, will result in a unique change in the color of the sample. This reaction is then compared to a reference chart of known reactions, where a conclusion can be made on the proposed identity of the compound. A reagent test will never provide a definite identification of a chemical, as similar compounds may result in similar reactions. However, a reagent test will help to narrow the category down to several compounds, rather than the entire broad spectrum of research chemicals.
►►The three universally utilized reagent tests on the market today are the mandelin, marquis and mecke type tests. It is not uncommon for all three reagent tests to be used in conjunction with one another in order to provide the most accurate results. Since the reaction of the compound differs between each test, some of the various chemicals that would otherwise go unnoticed with just a single test, can be easily identified and eliminated when multiple tests are used together.


The Mecke reagent is one of many drug identification reagents. It changes color in the
presence of a compound in a predictable fashion and can be used to help infer the potential
identity of a chemical. The Mecke reagent is composed of selenious acid and sulfuric acid
and can be created by dissolving 1.0 g of selenious acid into 100 mL of concentrated
sulfuric acid.

Compound	Verified?	Color
4-FA [1]	No	Brown/Dark Brown
4-FA [2]	No	Brown
4-FA [3]	No	Brown
4-FMA [1]	No	Dark Red/ Brown
6-APB [1]	No	Yellow
JWH-073 [1]	No	Yellow/Yellow-Orange
JWH-081 [1]	No	Dark Red/Brown
JWH-250 [1]	No	Bright Red
MDPV [1]	No	Dark Red/Brown
MDPV [2]	No	Dark Brown
Methylone [1]	No	Orange
Naphyrone [1]	No	Dark Red/Brown

More Information about the Mecke reagent can be found in the Mecke Reagent Testing Wiki.


The Mandelin reagent is one of many drug identification reagents. It changes color in the
presence of a compound in a predictable fashion and can be used to help infer the potential
identity of a chemical. The Mandelin reagent is composed of ammonium vanadate and sulfuric
acid, and can be created by dissolving 1.0 g of ammonium vanadate into 100 mL of concentrated
sulfuric acid.

Compound	Verified?	Color
4-FA [1]	No	Yellow/Orange
4-FA [2]	No	Light Yellow/Green
4-FA [3]	No	Yellow/Green
4-FMA [1]	No	Yellow/Green
6-APB [1]	No	Dark Green
JWH-073 [1]	No	Yellow /Green
JWH-081 [1]	No	Orange
JWH-250 [1]	No	Bright Red
MDPV [1]	No	Green/Dark Orange
MDPV [2]	No	Orange
Methylone [1]	No	Yellow
Naphyrone [1]	No	Yellow/Orange

More Information about the Mandelin reagent can be found in the Mandelin Reagent Testing Wiki.


The Marquis reagent is one of many drug identification reagents. It changes color in the
presence of a compound in a predictable fashion and can be used to help infer the potential
identity of a chemical. The Marquis reagent is composed of formaldehyde and sulfuric acid
and can be created by carefully adding 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 5 mL of
40 percent formaldehyde (v:v, formaldehyde:water).

Compound	Verified?	Color
4-FA [1]	No	Bright Yellow
4-FA [2]	No	Bright Yellow
4-FA [3]	No	Light Orange
4-FMA [1]	No	Yellow/Dark Yellow
6-APB [1]	No	Dark Brown
6-APB [2]	No	Purple
JWH-073 [1]	No	Dark Brown
JWH-081 [1]	No	Orange Green/Brown
JWH-250 [1]	No	Red/Orange
MDPV [1]	No	Orange
MDPV [2]	No	Orange
Methylone [1]	No	Yellow
Methylone [2]	No	Orange
Butylone [1]	No	Orange
Mephedrone [1]	No	Pale Yellow
Mephedrone [2]	No	Pale Yellow
Naphyrone [1]	No	Bright Orange
Benzo-Fury Pellet [1]	No	Purple

More Information about the Marquis reagent can be found in the Marquis Reagent Testing Wiki.

Reagent Testing Procedure

►►The majority of the reagents that are available, tend to be both corrosive and toxic and should never be handled without latex gloves as the concentration of sulfuric acid is high enough to cause chemical burns upon making contact with the skin. Likewise, reagent testing should only be performed in an environment which has suitable ventilation, as the fumes emitted from the reaction are hazardous to ones health. If a chemical reagent is ever spilled, baking soda can be used to neutralize the sulfuric acid so that it may dispose of safely. Finally never allow the reagent, bottle, or dropper to make contact with the compound as the entire reagent will become contaminated.
Required Supplies

• Mecke, Mandelin, and Marquis Reagent Tests
• Research Chemical Test Sample
• A Clean, White Ceramic Testing Plate/Tray
• Latex Gloves

Step 1

Reagent testing begins by equipping a pair of latex gloves, ensuring the testing area is adequately ventilated, and by collecting the necessary supplies (chemical reagents, research chemical sample, and a clean white ceramic testing plate).


Step 2

A small sample of the research chemical is placed onto the ceramic testing plate and then divided into three equal portions, allowing enough room between each portion so that the reactions will not make contact with one another.


Step 3

One by one, a drop of each chemical reagent is placed onto the corresponding research chemical sample. The reaction is observed and documented over a period of five minutes with the major points in time being the 5 second, 10 second, 15 second, 20 second, 1 minute, 3 minute, and 5 minute marks.


Step 4
The results of each reaction is then compared with a reference chart in order to identify the compound. Additional chemical reagents may be required.

Scales

►►The only tool that is absolutely required when working with any research chemical, is a scale which has the capability of weighing in milligrams. Simply put, no scale means no experimenting. Estimating the weight of a compound by eye is both impractical and unreliable as different compounds have varying densities and packing patterns even if they are from the same batch. Not only is it extremely dangerous to dose without a scale, but it is also extremely irresponsible and unprofessional and doing so can result in serious injury or death.
►►There are many options available when looking to purchase a scale. Some scales are more affordable than others, where the price typically depends on their application and measuring requirements. Research chemicals are often measured in milligrams (mg), though some of the more potent ones are measured in micrograms (ug). The table below provides a brief description on the functionality of the three most commonly utilized minimum readabilities that are seen in the majority of the scales on the market today.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Minimum Readability	Description	Examples
.01g	A scale that is capable of measuring in increments of 1 centigram or 1/100th of a gram. Typically these scales can be used to weigh compounds which are active in doses higher than 100 milligrams such as Ethylone, Methylone, 4FA and MDAI.	American Weigh Signature Series AWS-100 Digital Pocket Scale 100 by 0.01G, American Weigh Scale Ac-100 Digital Pocket Gram Scale 100 x 0.01g
.001g	A scale that is capable of measuring in increments of 1 milligram or 1/1000th of a gram. A milligram scale tends to be the most commonly utilized type of scale by researchers due to its ability to accurately measure some of the more potent chemicals on the market. When used properly these scales can safely and accurately measure most tryptamines, phenethylamines, and cannabinoids.	American Weigh GPR-20 Gemini-PRO Digital Milligram Scale 20 by 0.001g, American Weigh Gemini-20 Portable Milligram Scale 20 by 0.001g
.0001g	A scale that is capable of measuring in increments of 1 microgram or 1/1000000th of a gram. A microgram scale is capable of measuring any compound with extreme precision, however these scales have a pretty hefty price tag, deeming it not entirely necessary, but preferred by most researchers who can afford it.	Intell-Lab™ PX-200 Analytical Balance, Summit Measurement Analytical Balance - SM 2004

Scales Of Interest

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Scale Range	Scale Name	Image
.01	American Weigh Signature Series Digital Pocket Scale
.01	American Weigh Scale Ac-100 Digital Pocket Gram Scale
.001	American Weigh Gemini-20 Portable Milligram Scale
.001	American Weigh GPR-20 Gemini-PRO Digital Milligram Scale
.0001	Summit Measurement Analytical Balance - SM 2004
.0001	Intell-Lab™ PX-200 Analytical Balance

Anatomy & Operation

►►A scale is a very simple tool to operate, however having a complete understanding on the anatomy and operation of the device will only help to further improve ones weighing techniques. The scale is composed of three individual systems that work together with one another to provide the operator with an accurate measurement of the sample in question.

• The first of these systems is the user interface, which consists of the function buttons, weighing pan, power adapter, batteries, LCD display, and any other component that requires the interaction of an operator.
• The second system pertains directly to the internal component found within the scale, such as the force restoration motor assembly, amplifier, microprocessor, and power supply.
• The third and final system consists of the electrical interactions between the circuit boards, internal components and user interface devices.

►►These three systems work together to accomplish various tasks for one another, in order to provide the operator with information relative to the sample being weighed. Found below is an in depth look at each individual system, including its method of operation, the components involved, and the role it plays in the operation of the scale as a whole.

User Interface

►►The user interface is the portion of a scale which is controlled by the operator. It works by accepting input data via a set of function buttons and weight adjustments, in return presenting the operator with a relevant set of output data. On average, most scales will have several function buttons which grant the operator control over various aspects of the device, the application of these buttons can range greatly depending on the sophistication of the scale. The scale featured below is the "American Weigh GPR-20 Gemini-PRO Digital Milligram Scale", keep in mind the terms and definitions are subject to change with each different scale, and only highlight the key elements of the user interface.

Column 1	Column 2
Component	Description
Calibration	Initiates the calibration process.
Tare	Returns the scale to the absolute zero position.
Mode	Changes the unit in which the scale displays the weight.
On/Off	Powers the scale on/off.
Weighing Pan	Surface which the sample to be weighed is placed.
LCD Display	Screen which visually displays the weight of the sample to the operator.

Internal Components

►►Understanding the scales various internal components and the way in which they operate, can be beneficial to the researcher, as it can be utilized to further improve ones weighing techniques. A very common assumption is that the internal components within a scale consist of a complicated and intricate mess of circuit boards, wires, counterweights, photosensors, magnets and sensitive measuring equipment, whereas in reality the scale is composed of nothing more than several circuit boards, two or three wires, and an ingenious device called a force restoration motor assembly, which is the primary component of the entire tool.
►►While every manufacturer will utilize different components within their scales, the method of operation tend to remain consistent throughout the industry. With an analytical balance capable of weighing micrograms however, additional components such as noise reduction modules, multiple amplifiers, and an internal calibration assembly may be incorporated in the design in order to accommodate for the lower weighting thresholds and to increase the accuracy and reliability of the device. The scale displayed below is the A&D HF200, with the various internal components highlighted, fallowed by their definitions.

Column 1	Column 2
Component	Description
Chassis	The case which houses all of the internal components.
Main Motherboard	A circuit board which contains the majority of the circuitry components including the microprocessor.
LCD Screen	A screen which displays the weight of the sample.
Force Restoration Motor Assembly	The assembly/sensor which is in charge of determining the weight of the sample. The sensor itself is a simple lever and fulcrum, with one end of the lever attached to the weighing pan, and the other end of the lever housing a force coil which is suspended in a magnetic field that is created by the amplifier. The displacement detector, and power amplifier produce an appropriate current to balance the lever in the null position, the amount of current to maintain the balance is directly proportional to the weight on the pan.
Microprocessor (Not Shown)	Located on the motherboard, the microprocessor calculates all of the input/output data for the force restoration motor assembly and peripheral devices, such as the keypad and LCD display.
Power Supply	Converts alternating current from a wall outlet, into direct current which is used to power the scale.
P.C Board (Power Control Board)	Distributes electricity throughout the scale, based on the load requirements of each individual internal component.
Weighing Pan	Positioned at one end of the lever within the force restoration motor assembly, the sole duty of the weighing pan is to provide a surface for the sample to be placed.
Amplifier	Regulates the amount of current delivered to the magnetic field created around the force coil.
Force Coil (Not Shown)	Works in conjunction with the amplifier to create a magnetic field, thus keeping the lever balanced in the null position.

Internal Electrical Interactions

►►To better envision how the internal components of a scale work together to form a system, requires the operator to possess a basic understanding on the relationship between amperage and resistance and how circuitry components interact with one another to perform a task by means of electrical communication. Keep in mind that while not every scale operates in exactly the same manner as the one depicted in the diagram, the design of the circuit still remains somewhat consistent throughout the industry, due to its effectiveness and simplicity. The diagram below, shows the force restoration motor assembly, circuitry, and input/output devices working together as a system to complete a task.

1. The 12v power adapter is plugged into an electrical socket and then into the RS-232 (STD) power port located on the scale. Alternating current flows from the electrical socket through the adapter and then into the RS-232 (STD)port, where it is converted into direct current by the internal power supply. Direct current energizes the circuits, but does not power the actual scale.
2. The power button located on the keyboard is pressed, sending a signal from the keyboard (OPT) circuit to the I/O control circuit.
3. The I/O control circuit then emits a signal, requesting power to the display, microprocessor, force restoration motor assembly, amplifier, and any other accessory attached to the scale.
4. The microprocessor sends a signal back to the I/O control circuit containing input data from the displacement sensor indicating the current state of calibration. This data is sent from the I/O control circuit to the display where it can be viewed by the operator.
5. The microprocessor continuously regulates the amount of current emitted from the amplifier based on the input data received from the displacement sensor. At the same time the amplifier sends current through the force coil, creating a magnetic field around the lever, thus maintaining its balance in the null position.
6. A load is place onto the weighing pan which is indirectly attached to the displacement sensor through a lever. The weight of the load is calculated, by the amount of movement transmitted to the force coil through the lever. As the force coil begins to move away from the magnetic field, an increase in electrical resistance occurs.
7. Live data pertaining to the change in electrical resistance between the force coil and the magnetic field is sent back to the microprocessor. Accordingly the microprocessor calculates this change in resistance and allows the amplifier to apply a corrective amount of current to the magnetic field in order to return the displacement sensor back to the null position.
8. When the displacement sensor comes to a rest, the microprocessor converts this raw data into a displayable format based on the users selected unit of measurement.
9. The microprocessor then sends the processed data back to the I/O control circuit, where it is diverted to the LCD display to be viewed by the operator.

Cleaning the Scale

►►Maintaining a clean scale is essential in order to avoid the unnecessary issues and malfunctions which may arise as the result of operating a soiled device. It is recommended that the scale be sanitized before and after its operation, as this will significantly reduce the risk for cross contamination to occur as the result of a residual compound remaining on the device from a previous weighing session. Prior to cleaning the scale review the list of precautions found below.

• Use a gentle touch in order to avoid accidently damaging any of the scales delicate components.
• Thoroughly wring the water from the q-tips/paper towels before making contact with the scale.
• Allow a substantial amount of time for the scale to fully dry before connecting any power source or batteries.
• Always discharge the device of any stored electricity before beginning the cleaning process, this is done by first removing the power source and then attempting to power the scale.
• Refrain from using any chemical cleaners, as they may damage the device or leave behind residue that can affect the scales overall functionality.
• It is recommended that some sort of personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, respirator) be utilized.

Scale Cleaning Procedure

Required Supplies

• Dirty Scale + Accessories
• Q-tips
• Paper Towels
• Cup or Bowl
• Warm Water

Step 1

Begin by placing the scale, accessories, and all of the cleaning supplies onto the work area in an organized fashion, remove any power adapters or batteries that are connected to the device, and hold the power button for 10 seconds to discharge any electricity that may be stored within the circuitry.

Step 2

Wet a paper towel with warm water and then thoroughly wring it out until it appears to be slightly moist.

Step 3

Begin to wipe down the top portion of the scales chassis, while avoiding the more delicate parts such as the weighing pan, buttons, and LCD screen.

Step 4


When the top portion of the scale appears to be clean, gently flip/rotate the device as necessary and continue to wipe down the side and back portions of the chassis.

Step 5

Once the entire chassis has been wiped down, acquire a clean glass/cup, place 10+ q-tips within it, and add just enough water to submerge the heads of the q-tips, remember to squeeze the head of the q-tip prior to its use in order to remove as much water as possible.

Step 6

With a moist q-tip gently begin to clean the LCD screen and each of the buttons on the device (use as many q-tips as necessary).

Step 7

With the LCD screen and buttons clean, gently go about cleaning the weighing pan using a moist q-tip, when the weighing pan is clean place the scale in a safe location to allow for any residual water to evaporate.

Step 8

While the scale is drying, begin to clean the accessories by first wiping down the weighing boat(s) with a moist paper towel, and if necessary use a q-tip to clean some of the harder to reach areas.

Step 9

Remember to clean the bottom side of the weighing boat, paying special attention to any lips or ridges which have the tendency to store a build up of compounds if not regularly cleaned, the same can also be said for the calibration weights so ensure that they are properly cleaned as well.

Step 10

When the scale and accessories are dry, reconnect the power supply/batteries to the device, press the power button, and perform a recalibration.

Calibration & Weighing

►►Prior to weighing any compounds be sure to review the scales specifications for key information such as the minimum and maximum weight capacities, available units of measurement, tolerance limits, and the required source of power as such information will help the operator in determining if the selected scale is suitable for the task at hand or if a different scale may be required. It is crucial that the scale be operated within the specified range issued by the manufacturer, as failure to do so may cause damage to the device. Below is a list of some of the considerations to keep in mind while operating a scale.

• If the scale repeatedly fails calibration it may be due to several issues such as low batteries, a unlevel surface, flowing air disrupting the weighing pan, magnetic/RF interference, or dirty/damaged internal components.
• Wash your hands before and after using a scale.
• Touching the weighing trays, calibration weights, or other components of the scale with a bare hand may result in an inaccurate measurement due to the oils secreted from ones skin.
• Most scales are not accurate to their minimum measuring threshold, keep this in mind when weighing a highly potent compound as most milligram scales will have a ± 3 milligram tolerance.
• The weighing tray should only be making contacting with the weighing pan, if the weighing tray is making contact with any part of the chassis the measurements will be inaccurate.
• Avoid overload the scale, as damage may occur.
• Avoid dropping, shaking, or banging the scale.
• Whenever any additional weight is added to the scale, allow several seconds of settle time before reading the measurement.
• If the scale is moved during the weighing process it will need to be recalibrated.
• Store the scale in a dry environment, at room temperature, inside of a hard case when it is not in use.

The scale used in the example below is the American Weigh GPR-20 Gemini-PRO which has the following specifications.

Column 1	Column 2
Capacity	20.000g/12.860dwt/100.00ct/308.64gn
Readability	0.001g/0.001dwt/0.005ct/0.02gn
Tolerance	±0.003g/0.003dwt/0.015ct/0.06gn
Weighing Units	g/dwt/ct/gn
Platform Dimensions	1.75” Ø
Scale Dimensions	2.75 x 5.9 x 1.6”
Power	4 x AAA Batteries

Calibration & Weighting Procedure

Required Equipment

• Digital Milligram Scale
• Batteries or AC Adapter
• Weighing Boat
• Calibration Weights
• Measuring Spoons
• Tweezers
• Notepad
• Latex Gloves
• Clean, Level Work Table
• A Room Free of Any Air, Magnetic, and/or Radio Frequency Interference.
• Research Chemical Sample

Step #1

Start by gathering and thoroughly sanitizing all of the required equipment, this include wiping down the work table and ensuring that the room is free of any air, magnetic, and/or radio frequency interference.


Step #2

With all of the equipment sanitized, equip a pair of latex gloves and in an organized fashion, proceed to place all of the weighing equipment onto the work table.


Step #3

The desired research chemical can now be removed from storage, placing it in a safe location away from any possible dangers or accidental spills.


Step #4

Power on the device by pressing the on/off button on the keypad.


Step #5

Determine the scales current state of calibration by placing a 10 gram calibration weight onto the weighing pan (Note the reading).


Step #6

While the device appears to be calibrated, it is suggested to always recalibrate the scale prior to its use, to ensure that the results are as accurate as possible. To begin the calibration process, press the UCAL button on the keypad. (Some scales may require either the calibration button or the power button, to be held for a predetermined period of time in order to begin the calibration process.)

Step #7

With the scale now in calibration mode the display should read "10.000 g" which indicates a request for the first 10 gram calibration weight to be placed onto the weighing pan.

Step #8

With either a gloved hand or a pair of tweezers, place the first 10 gram calibration weight directly into the center of the weight pan. (Depending on the scale, the addition of a calibration weight will either be automatically detected or will require the operator to press a button in order to input the weight and continue the procedure.)

Step #9

When the scale has accepted the first 10 gram calibration weight, the display should read "20.000g", indicating the devices request for an additional 10 gram calibration weight to be added to the weighing pan.

Step #10

Again with either a gloved hand or a pair of tweezers, place the second 10 gram calibration weight directly on top of the first 10 gram calibration weight, centering the two of them on the weighing pan as best as possible. (Remember that if the device does not automatically detect the second calibration weight, the operator may need to press a specific button in order to input the additional weight and complete the procedure.)

Step #11

A confirmation message will appear on the devices display if the calibration process was successful, once this is complete, remove the calibration weights from the weighing pan and press the tare button to ensure that the device is at the absolute zero position.

Step #12

Begin the weighing process by placing a clean weighing boat onto the weighing pan, remember to note the weight of the boat after allow it to settle for several seconds.

Step #13

With the weighing boat still resting on the weighing pan, return the device to the absolute zero position by pressing the tare button. The scale has now compensated for the weight of the weighing boat.

Step #14

Confirm that the scale has maintained calibration by placing a 10 gram calibration weight into the center of the weighing boat, take note of the weight that is shown on the display.

Step #15

With the assistance of a measuring spoon, scoop up a small portion of the desired research chemical, and add it to the weighing boat. Allow the device several seconds to stabilize, before reading the display.

Step #16

Continue to increase the weight of the chemical until the desired amount has been reached. Allow the device several seconds to stabilize, before reading the display.

Step #17

When the desired weight has been achieved, remove the weighing boat from the weighing pan. Note the reading on the display and then return the device to the absolute zero position by pressing the tare button.

Step #18

Place a 10 gram calibration weight onto the weighing pan in order to confirm that the scale has maintained calibration.

Volumetric Dilution

►►Volumetric dilution is an alternative method of weighing, used for compounds which are highly psychoactive at extremely low doses for which the researchers scale is incapable of weighing. The procedure can be summarized as dissolving a predetermined amount of a compound into a calculated amount of liquid in order to achieve a homogenous solution with a know mg/ml ratio that can be accurately dosed in a safe manner. The three main reasons for why a substance may need to undergo volumetric dilution are...

1. Diluting a substance down to a safe range for use, below the capacity of an available scale.
2. Diluting a substance down to a safe range below its threshold dosage to test for an adverse reaction.
3. Diluting a substance down to a low microgram dose in order to test and confirm its identity (bromo-dragonfly mislabeled as 2c-b-fly incident).

►►The volumetric dilution process, while not complicated, requires the researcher to have a basic yet confident knowledge in mathematics, as well as an understanding on how to properly create a homogeneous solution. The interactions between various compounds and liquids/solvents can have a potentially adverse effect, for instance chlorine found in tap water will destroy LSD, and a compound which act as central nervous system depressant can turn potentially deadly if dissolved into ethanol or any other solvent which also acts as central nervous system depressant. Thus the interaction between a compound and solvent/liquid should be thoroughly researched before beginning the procedure to ensure the safety of the researcher. Prior to beginning the volumetric dilution process, ensure that all of the required equipment is readily available...

• A reliable milligram scale
• A measuring cup, graduated cylinder, or syringe with mL markings
• A small funnel
• Measuring pipette or eyedropper
• Glass bottles to store the solution
• Dilution liquid (ethanol, high-proof alcohol, water)
• Measuring spoons
• Writing utensils (paper, permanent marker, pen, pencil)

Volumetric Dilution Procedure

A Few Important Considerations, Recommendations, and Reference Materials
• Using increments of 10 offers less chance for confusion.
• Always mark the bottles to avoid confusion (do not trust one's memory).
• Create a cheat sheet of all the involved measurements and dilutions.
• Conversion calculators can be found with a simple search of the internet.

Column 1	Column 2
Common Measurement Conversions	Approximate Bottle/Dropper Capacities & Measurements
1/4 Teaspoon (TSP) = 1.25 mL 1/2 Teaspoon (TSP) = 2.5 mL 1 Teaspoon (TSP) = 5 mL 1 Tablespoon (TBSP) = 15 mL 1 Cubic Centimeter (cc) = 1 mL 1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg) 1 Milligram (mg) = 1000 Micrograms (mcg)	Small bottle - 30 mL capacity, Small dropper - .5 mL capacity Medium bottle - 60 mL capacity, Medium bottle - 60 mL capacity Large bottle - 120 mL capacity, Large bottle - 120 mL capacity

In the example below 100 mg of compound Y, will be dissolved into 50 mL of liquid X, to produce a final solution of 2 mg compound to 1 mL liquid.

Step #1
The equipment is sanitized, the scale is calibrated, and the measurements are calculated beforehand in order to determine the mg/ml ratio, as well as the required bottle and dropper size. The mg/mL ratio can be calculated using the following formula:
Y/X=R
Where Y is the weight of the compound in milligrams, X is the amount of liquid in milliliters, and R is the final mg/mL ratio.

Step #2

Begin the volumetric dilution process by weighing out the compound on a milligram scale (take note of the weight as it will be needed later on in the procedure).

Step #3

Select a suitable bottle and use the funnel to direct the compound into the bottle, using a bit of the pre measured liquid, rinse the remaining compound from the weighing boat and add it to the bottle.

Step #4

Add the remaining amount of pre measured liquid to the bottle by slowly pouring it down the funnel, making sure that any remaining compound is washed into the bottle.

Step #5
Cap the bottle and shake it vigorously to ensure that the compound and the liquid form a homogenous solution, if any sediment is present gently heat the bottle with a lighter or warm water bath.

A more complete guide on the volumetric dilution procedure can be found here... Volumetric measuring of RC's - a pictorial

Allergy Testing

Prior to the consumption of a new compound, the researcher must perform several initial tests so that they may...

• Ensure they are not allergic to the compound
• Confirm/clarify the identity of the compound

►►An allergy test can be summarized as the consumption of a compound at a miniscule dose in a safe and controlled environment with no intention of experiencing any psychoactive effects, while at the same time observing, documenting, and monitoring any change in the vital signs or mental/physical health of the researcher. If the researcher happens to be allergic to the compound, the onset and intensity of the symptoms associated with reaction can vary greatly depending on the researchers immune system, the duration of exposure, the route of exposure, and the concentration/amount that one was exposed to. In some rare instances the researcher may experience a severe and potentially deadly form of an allergic reaction which is known as anaphylaxis.

Allergy Testing Procedure

Prior to performing an allergy test, the researcher should ensure the fallowing...

• The day is free of any public and/or labor related activities, which includes driving, working, social events, schooling, and interacting with the public.
• The testing location is safe, comfortable, and familiar to the researcher.
• A fellow research who understands the compound is present.
• A scale is utilized for all measurements.
• There is plenty of water, food, and emergency medication present.
• A telephone and the phone number for emergency medical services is present.
• The allergy testing dose is relative to the nature of the compound.

Step 1

Clean, prepare, and calibrate a milligram scale, weigh out 10 milligrams of the desired compound and place it onto a clean surface.

Step 2

Divided the 10 milligrams that were weighed in step one into 10 individual but equal sized 1 milligram piles. Calculating human and mechanical error into the equation, it can be assumed that each pile is no greater than 1.25 milligrams and no less than 750 ug so long as all of the piles appear to be symmetrical to one another. (If greater accuracy is required, volumetric measuring can be utilized.)

Step 3

Isolate a one milligram pile of the testing compound, and consume it by either sublingual, intranasal, or transdermal administration.

Step 4
Allow a duration of 24 hours time to pass, note any unusual mental or physical changes, and pay special attention to the signs and symptoms associated with an allergic reaction. If there is no indication that an allergic reaction has occurred, dosing of the compound may commence at the discretion of the researcher.

Route of Administration

►►The route of administration is defined as the path by which a compound, or any other substance enters the body. Various properties such as the potency, efficacy, and duration of a compound are influenced by the route of administration that is utilized. Depending on the formulation and physical properties of the compound, a specific route of administration may be required so that the compound can be absorbed more efficiently.
►►In all approximately 40 different routes of administration are available, with each route belonging to one of four specific class's depending on its location of administration. Oral, topical, inhalation, and injection are the four different classes, with the later of the four requiring additional precautions as there is 100% bioavailability associated with intravenous injection, meaning that any impurities which would normally pass through the body unmetabolized, will become metabolized potentially causing harm to the researcher. The routes of administration listed in the table below are the ones that are most commonly utilized by researchers while performing a bioassay on a novel compound....

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
Route	Description	Absorbed	Example
Oral	Oral consumption refers to the act of physically ingesting a compound in either a solid or liquid form, thus allowing absorption to occur within the digestive tract. Consuming a compound orally may resulting in a phenomenon known as the first pass effect (first pass metabolism) where the liver significantly reduces the concentration of a chemical before it reaches the systemic circulation.	Gastrointestinal tract, Hepatic portal system
Sublingual	Sublingual administration occurs when a compound is absorbed through the mucous membranes located underneath the tongue. While this route of administration is highly effective, it use is limited as the compound must be water soluble in order for absorption to occur.	Mucous membrane beneath the tongue
Rectal	Rectal administration refers to the act of injecting a compound into the rectum with the assistance of an applicator or syringe. This route of administration requires that the compound be readily soluble in water so that absorption may easily occur.	Blood vessels within the intestines, anus, rectum, and colon
Intravenous Injection	Intravenous injection refers to the act of injecting a compound in liquid form directly into the circulatory system by means of a hypodermic needle and syringe. There is 100% bioavailability associated with this route of administration, as the compound is not absorbed but rather introduced directly into the bloodstream.	None, directly into the circulatory system
Intramuscular Injection	Intramuscular injection is defined as the act of injecting a compound in liquid form directly into a specific muscular group by means of a hypodermic needle and syringe. This route of administration requires that the compound's pH level be evenly balanced, as any amount of a corrosive chemical, whether it be acidic or basic, can damage the muscle(s).	Muscles
Inhalation	Inhalation is the act of inhaling a compound into the respiratory system where absorption occurs. The compound must be in some form of a vapor, mist, particle, or byproduct of combustion in order to become properly absorbed.	Lower respiratory tract
Intranasal	Intranasal administration is the act of insufflating a compound through the sinus cavity, where absorption occurs within the mucus membranes and blood vessels found within the upper respiratory tract. This route of administration is limited to compounds which are water soluble only.	Upper respiratory tract

Considerations When Choosing Route Of Administration

►►Bioavailability, pH level, and solubility are all variables which should be considered when determining the route of administration, in order to ensure that the compound is consumed in a safe and effective manner. Information pertaining to a compounds most effective route of administration can be found in medical journals, documents, book, and on online forums and websites. The most effective route of administration can be summarized as the route which carries the lowest danger profile, produces the least amount of side effects, and has the safest interactions with the compounds physical, chemical, and pharmacological properties. The chart below identifies and explains some of the major variables which should be consider when determining the most effective route of administration.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Consideration	Explanation	Image
Bioavailability	Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of an administered dose of an unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation. Two of the primary factors that influence bioavailability are the route of administration and the compounds physical properties.
pH	A measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution based off the concentration and activity of the hydrogen ions that are present within. Pure water has a pH of 7, while a solution with a pH that is less than 7 is considered to be acidic, and a solution with a pH that is greater than 7 is considered to be basic. The pH of a compound should always be considered when determining the most effective route of administration, as any compound that is corrosive, whether it be basic or acidic, has the potential to cause damage upon administration depending on the chosen route.
Solubility	Solubility is the property of a chemical to dissolve into a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution. Certain routes of administration, specifically intranasal and sublingual require that the compound be water soluble in order to achieve bioavailability. If a compound is not soluble in water, the addition of harsher solvents may be required in order to ensure that it does completely dissolve, however doing so may introduce further complications upon administration.

Dosing

►►Establishing a compounds dosage range is one of the most important steps in the bioassay procedure. While some compounds may already have an established dosing chart, they are not a reliable source of information, as there are too many unknown variables associated with them. A compound should never be administered unless it has been thoroughly researched, an allergy test has been performed, and the most effective route of administration has been determined.
►►As no two people are identical, no two people will ever have an identical reaction to the same drug, this is due to the vast and unlimited combination of biological differences which occur within the human race. Dosage titration is an accumulative method of dosing which allows each and every researcher to determine their ideal dosage in a safe and effective manner. Below are some factors to take into consideration whilst experimenting with dosage.

• Always use dosage titration.
• Use a milligram scale to weight doses.
• Double check the weight of every dose.
• Have a sitter present during experimentation.

Dosage Titration Procedure

►►Dosage titration is a method of dosing which involves the researcher administering of a series of doses over a predetermined period of time, with each dosage increasing slightly in amount until either the compounds effects/class has been determined or until the compound is deemed inactive at a reasonable dose. Dosage titration should only occur once the compound has been thoroughly researched, allergy tested, and has had the most effective route of administration determined.

Step 1

Based off the compound, the dosages are calculated and weighed out. The initial dose should either be equal to or slightly greater than the allergy testing dose. For most beta-ketones, phenethylamines, tryptamines, piperazines, and dissociatives a 1-2 milligram increment will suffice for the purpose of dosage titration, however most cannabinoids and some phenethylamines require a much smaller dose and titration increment due to their extreme potency.

Step 2

Utilizing the most effective route, the first dose is administered and any effects/side effects are documented.

Step 3

Several days time should be allowed between the administration of each subsequent dose, again documenting the effects/side effects of the compound. Dosing may continue in this manner until the desired effects have been reached or until the compound is deemed inactive at a reasonable dose.

Overdose

►►An overdose is defined as the intentional or unintentional consumption of a drug at doses higher than recommended, often resulting in a variety of often unpleasant side effects, some of which can be potentially fatal depending on the substance and amount consumed. The majority of overdoses are unintentional, often the result of an inexperienced user not properly researching a drug prior to consumption. An intentional overdose typically would be considered a form of self harm or a suicide attempt.
►►Physical bodily harm is commonly associated with an overdose, and can vary in degree depending on the drug that was consumed and the delay in response time for which the user received medical treatment. Keep in mind that while very common, not all overdoses will result in physical harm. Psychological harm is also very commonly associated with an overdose, whether it is consciously perceived or remains dormant somewhere deep in the subconscious it should be addressed and treated as necessary to avoid any further complications which may arise later on in life. The psychological side effects that can result from an overdose, can have a very powerful influence over the users life. The main reason being that they become implemented into one's mind and thought processes, and result in emotional, cognitive, or perceptual changes for the worse. On some rare occasions however, users have reported experiencing a form of enlightenment from an overdose ordeal and, as a result, changing themselves for the better.
►►While there are no officially established sub categories pertaining to the term "overdose", non-lethal and lethal can be used to describe the severity of an overdose experience. Whether potentially lethal or not, every overdose should always be taken very seriously, as any number of side effects can occur with each one carrying the risk of causing permanent damage to the user. Safety should always be the number one priority whenever a psychoactive substance is consumed.

Non-lethal Overdose

►►Typically speaking a non-lethal overdose occurs when the user doses above their comfort zone reaching a point where the effects are no longer desirable or enjoyable, thus leaving the user wishing only to end the entire experience as a whole. The majority of the symptoms that are associated with an overdose such as this are predominantly psychological, often ranging from increased levels of anxiety or paranoia, to the belief that serious harm or death is emanate, whereas physically speaking the user is in no real danger.
►►In general a non-lethal overdose will not result in the death of the user, nor will it cause any serious physical or psychological damage, however there is still great deal of danger involved which often depends on the substance consumed, and its effect on the central nervous system. Additionally, various cardiovascular or respiratory complications may arise and should be address immediately to avoid the possibility of causing further damage to the user. The term non-lethal overdose applies only in the respect that the mg/kg substance to weight ratio of the user has not exceeded the LD50. Keep in mind there is still the risk of fatality occurring, due to the actions of the user whilst under the influence. Some examples of this would be...

• Administering additional substance, in hopes of treating the symptoms.
• Excessive anxiety, paranoia, or agitation resulting in unnecessary physical actions, in turn putting additional stress on the cardiovascular system.
• Irrational actions such as driving, exercising, or playing with firearms.

►►Additional drugs should never be administered by the user whom is overdosing, but rather by a trusted individual who possesses a confident knowledge on drug interactions and the treatment of overdoses. This person should also have the ability to monitor vital signs, determine if an additional drug should even be administered and have enough common sense to determine when EMS or a doctor is required.

Lethal Overdose

►►A lethal overdose occurs when the user consumes a dose that is equal to or greater than the compounds LD50 (Lethal Dose 50%). With an overdose of this magnitude the user will experience major damage to the central nervous system, various internal organs, the cardiovascular system, and many other internal systems within the body. Fatality is not uncommon with a lethal overdose, likewise the user may survive the overdose, however when this is the case some form of brain damage is a fairly typical occurrence. In the rare instance that the user is treated directly after the overdose begins, one may find themselves walking away from the incident with minimal side effects.

►►A lethal overdose is always a serious matter, and always requires medical intervention at a hospital to ensure that the user does in fact survive. Time is critical with an overdose of this nature, so do not hesitate to call EMS if the need arises, the sooner the user can receive treatment, the higher a chance they have of surviving the ordeal with minimal damage. Depending on the substance and route of administration, the symptoms of a lethal overdose can take up to several hours to develop, or begin moments after the drug has been administered. The symptoms of a lethal overdose can vary greatly and are dependent on the substance consumed, the list below highlights some of the symptoms of a lethal overdose.

• Excessively high heart rate (tachycardia)
• Excessively low heart rate (bradycardia)
• Excessively high blood pressure (hypertension)
• Excessively low blood pressure (hypotension)
• Seizures
• Excessive respiratory depression (hypoventilation)
• Excessive respiratory hyperactivity (hyperventilation)
• Continuous vomiting, unable to hold fluids, dehydration
• Pain resonating through chest, back, shoulders, and neck indicating heart attack (myocardial infarction)
• Cardiac arrest
• Respiratory arrest
• Irregular heart arrhythmia
• Extremely uncontrollable aggressive/destructive behavior
• Causing harm to themselves or others, unable to control
• Unconscious, and unresponsive to external stimuli (calling name, shaking)
• Drastic changes in skin color (gray, blue, purple)
• Choking or gurgling noises

Combinations

►►There is always some sort of danger involved when combining two psychoactive substances as their interaction with one another may produce some potentially harmful synergistic effects. This is especially true for research chemicals, as there is limited information on the pharmacological properties of the individual compounds, let alone how they interact with one another. Unfortunately some researchers will continue to combine various compounds together, even with the very real threat of death or long term damage lurking right around the corner.
►►The interaction between multiple compounds can be unpredictable, often times resulting in the potentiation or introduction of entirely new effects/side effects which are not associated with the effects of each individual compound, for this reason dosage should be significantly reduced whenever multiple research chemicals are combined together. Additionally establishing the pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, and target receptors of each compound before they are combined, will help to identify potentially dangerous combinations so that they may be avoided. The table below identifies some of the potentially dangerous research chemical combinations.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Combination	Explanation	Compounds
Serotonergics + Serotonergics	This includes any compound which acts on the serotonin receptors in either an agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, releaser, or reuptake inhibitor type fashion. Combining any two or more of these compounds increases the very real risk for serotonin syndrome to occur, which can result in fatality.	Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, and some Beta-Ketones, Piperazines, Dissociatives, & Various prescription medications
Serotonergics + MAOI	Combining a serotonergic compound with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor is especially dangerous as the hepatic MAO becomes inhibited, blocking the "first pass" of serotonin through the liver thus circulating and elevating the levels to a potentially deadly amount.	Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, and some Beta-Ketones, Piperazines, Dissociatives, Various prescription medications, & Ethnobotanicals.
Stimulants + Stimulants	When two or more stimulant class compounds are combined, an elevated level of danger becomes associated due to an increased amount of activity within the cardiovascular system, thus increasing the risk of a myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest or other serious cardiovascular type failure to occur.	Beta Ketones, Piperazines, and some Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, & Various prescription medications
Depressants + Depressants	Combining any two or more research chemicals which have a depressant like effect on the central nervous system carries the risk for respiratory depression to occur, and if excessive enough may result in fatality.	Opioid, Benzodiazepine analogues, and some Dissociatives, & Various prescription medications
Vasoconstrictors + Vasoconstrictors	Compounds that constrict the arteries in the cardiovascular system should never be combined, synergistic effects can cause excessive vasoconstriction, which can lead to a variety of potentially fatal cardiovascular complications.	Beta Ketones, Piperazines, and some Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, Dissociatives, & Various prescription medication
Vasoconstrictors + Hypertensive's	Combining any two compounds where one constricts the arteries, while the other raises blood pressure can be a very dangerous duo as there is not only an increase in the heart rate, but the blood pressure as well, thus enabling the potential for a serious cardiovascular complication to occur.	Various Beta Ketones, Phenethylamines, Tryptamines, Cannabinoids, Dissociatives, Piperazines, & Various prescription medications
Hypertensive's + Hypertensive's	Combining two or more compounds that elevate blood pressure, can exert an enormous amount of stress on the heart, which can result in the occurrence of a serious cardiovascular complication.	Cannabinoids, Beta Ketones, and some Tryptamines, Phenethylamines, Dissociatives, Piperazines & Various prescription medications

Health

►►During the bioassay procedure the researchers physiological and psychological health are very important and must be properly maintained in order to reduce the potential for damage to occur. Believe it or not, many of the side effects associated with these compounds are simply the result of the researcher neglecting to supply their bodies with the necessities that they require in order for them to properly operate. Food, water, and sleep are the three necessities that are required by the human body in order to properly function, thus ignoring one or more of these items can and will have a dramatic impact on the health of the researcher.
Water: In order to avoid dehydration, anywhere between eight to ten 8 oz glasses of water should be consumed to replace the water which is lost throughout the day. Significantly more water is required when a research chemical bioassay is performed in order to avoid the build up of metabolites in the body. Dehydration can have a serious impact on the health of the researcher, with the side effects ranging anywhere from a mild headache to severe changes in blood pressure and heart rate. With the human body being composed of almost 60% water, the researcher must remember to drink plenty of it even if there is no desire to do so.
Sleep: Neglecting to sleep can have a significant impact on both the psychological and physiological health of the researcher. The frequent redosing of specific compounds, most notably ones which have a stimulant type effect, can keep a researcher awake for days and even weeks in some cases where there is a lack of self control. There are many side effects associated with sleep deprivation most notably, psychosis, anxiety, depression, fatigue, muscle aches, and in some cases an increase in the heart rate of the researcher.
Food: It is essential that a healthy diet be maintained in order to provide the proper nourishment required by the body and brain. An unfortunate side effect of many research chemicals is the complete elimination of one's appetite, as a result of this the researcher may experience some of the symptoms of starvation which can include vitamin deficiency, weight loss, diarrhea, and fatigue to name a few. Even if the desire to eat is not present, the research should attempt to consume three well balanced meals per day, or consume a healthy snack every hour on the hour.

Side Effects

►►Due to the lack of clinical trials, research chemicals have the potential to induce a plethora of psychological and physiological side effects which have yet to be documented or formally studied. While a compounds short term side effects may be similar to the short term side effects of an identical, well known, and documented substance, the long term side effects are still very well unknown. The severity of the side effects experienced can vary greatly from one researcher to the next. Many side effects may not appear after a single use but rather occur after the chronic use of a compound.
►►The characteristics which separates the physiological side effects from the psychological side effects can often be hard to distinguish, as many of the side effects one would consider to be physiological are actually the result of psychological side effects such as stress or anxiety. Hypochondriasis for instance, is a great example of a psychological side effect which has manifested itself into appearing as a physiological symptom where the patient truly believes that they have a serious medical illness, despite a doctor or other medical professional telling them otherwise. This occurs due to a combination of either obsessive compulsive disorder or anxiety and the illogical self diagnosis of considerably normal bodily function.

Physiological Side Effects

►►Physiological side effects act on the researcher in a manner which constitutes actual changes in the operation of the body. The cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous, gastrointestinal, and muscular systems are just some of the areas which are commonly affected by physiological side effects. Never ignore a physiological side effect, no matter how insignificant it may appear to be. Instead the researcher should assess and remedy the situation as necessary in order to avoid any further complications which may arise. The table below covers some of the physiological side effects which are commonly experienced with research chemicals.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Vasoconstriction	The narrowing of blood vessels resulting from the contraction of smooth muscles which make up with wall of the vessels. Vasoconstriction can vary in degree from minimal to life threatening and is dependent on the compound and dose consumed.
Muscle tension	The continuous or partial contraction of the muscles at a resting state, often times occurring as the result of a psychological side effect such as anxiety. However while the origin of the side effect may be psychological the symptoms are most definitely physiological, with the muscle often times being felt and even seen in a tense state when they should be resting.
Muscle spasms	The sudden, involuntary contraction of a single muscle or group of muscle, most commonly referred to as a muscle cramp which may be accompanied by a sudden burst of pain. Muscle spasms due to abnormal nerve stimulation brought on by the consumption of psychoactive drugs is a fairly common occurrence.
Bruxism	The excessive grinding of the teeth or clenching of the jaw. While the cause of bruxism is still quite unknown, there have been many reports of various psychoactive substances which induce this symptom as a side effect.
Tachycardia	An elevated heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute, and can be dangerous depending on the speed and type of rhythm. Sinus tachycardia is the type most commonly associated with the intake of stimulants and is also a side effect of anxiety.
Hyperhidrosis	The abnormal regulation of body temperature characterized by an increased rate of perspiration. Hyperhidrosis can either be generalized or localized to a specific part of the body, and can occur due to a variety of factors including the consumption of a psychoactive substance.
Dehydration	The excessive loss of body water with an accompanying disruption of the metabolic process resulting in further complications if hydration does not occur.

Psychological Side Effects

►►Psychological side effects occur within the mind rather than the physical body and can often times have a significant impact on the researchers thought process, perception and level of consciousness. Psychological side effects cannot cause direct physical harm to the researcher, however the influence which they may have over the researcher can potentiate such physiological side effects or manifest them into physical actions thus indirectly resulting in the researcher causing harm to themselves. The table below covers some of the psychological side effects which are most commonly experienced with research chemicals.

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
Anxiety	An unrealistic fear, worry, or uneasiness which is usually generalized and unfocused on one particular subject. Anxiety is a mood without an identifiable triggering stimulus, due simply to the wide and unlimited range of causes between different people. It has been well documented that various psychoactive substances have the ability to cause anxiety.
Paranoia	An irrational, delusional thought process often influenced by anxiety or fear. Researchers experiencing paranoia often have the belief that everyone is conspiring against them, even though the logic behind this thought process is obscure and unreasonable.
Tinnitus	The perception of a "ringing" sound from within the ear without any apparent external source. Tinnitus occurs for both physical and psychological reasons with the latter often being the case when psychoactive substances are involved.
Heart Palpitations	The sensation of a pounding heart within the chest, throat, or neck. Heart palpitations are common and occur in most individu

Yuen-Sum Lau and Gloria E. Meredith. 2002. From Drugs of Abuse to Parkinsonism: The MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. in J. Q. Wang (ed). Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol. 79: Drugs of Abuse: Neurological Reviews and Protocols, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, pp. 103-116.